It found fertile soil in a French Canada resentful at re-conquest by the British after the abortive Rebellions of 1837, and distrustful of North American secular democracy. Their movement had its roots in the European counter-revolution of the mid-19th century. The group's counterparts in Québec, the ultramontanes, believed in papal supremacy, in the Roman Catholic Church and in the clerical domination of society. The Canada Firsters' nationalist-imperialist vision of grandeur for their country did not admit the distinctiveness of the French, Roman Catholic culture that was a part of the nation's makeup. In English Canada the very majesty of the great land, the ambitions and idealism of the educated young and an understanding that absorption by the United States threatened a too-timid Canada, all spurred the growth of the Canada First movement in literature and politics - promoting an Anglo- Protestant race and culture in Canada, and fierce independence from the U.S. The earliest post- Confederation years saw the flowering of two significant movements of intense nationalism. Yet the tariff had support in some parts of the Maritimes.
Throughout this period there were detractors who resented the CPR's monopoly or felt - as did many in the West and on the East Coast - that the high tariff principally benefited central Canada. The other objective, mass settlement of the west, largely eluded them, but success came to their Liberal successors after 1896. The government erected a high, protective customs-tariff wall to shield developing Canadian industrialism from foreign, especially American, competition. It showered the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) with cash and land grants, achieving its completion in 1885. Macdonald, and his chief Québec colleague, Sir George-Étienne Cartier, the Conservative Party - almost permanently in office until 1896 - committed itself to the expansionist National Policy. Under the leadership of the first federal prime minister, Sir John A. Alberta and Saskatchewan won provincial status in 1905, after mass immigration at the turn of the century began to fill the vast Prairie West (see Territorial Evolution). A year later, British Columbia entered Confederation on the promise of a transcontinental railway. From it were carved Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1870. Rupert's Land, from northwestern Québec to the Rockies and north to the Arctic, was purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869-70. In 1867, the new state-beginning with Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Québec and Ontario-expanded extraordinarily in less than a decade, stretching from sea to sea. (2006-2014) Rise of the West (1867-1913) Immigration and Industrialization
(1993-2005) Liberal Hegemony - and Collapse (1972-1980) The Inflation Curse and Regional Divides (1945-1971) Cold War and the Québec Agenda (1919-1938) Labour Unrest and the Great Depression (1867-1913) Immigration and Industrialization Its development can be broken into the following periods: But for the most part, Canada became an example to the world of a modern, workable nation state. There were false steps along the way, including the struggles of Aboriginal people for survival, and the ever-present tensions over federal unity.
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The story of Canada since 1867 is, in many ways, a successful one: For a century and a half, people of different languages, cultures and backgrounds, thrown together in the vast, northern reaches of a continent, built a free society where regional communities could grow and prosper, linked by the common thread of an emerging national identity. Roberts / Library and Archives Canada / C-000733 Convention at Charlottetown, P.E.I., of Delegates from the Legislatures of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island to take into consideration the Union of the British North American Colonies.